The Saudi Arabia national football team is considered as one of Asia's most successful national teams, having reached a joint record 6 AFC Asian Cup finals, winning three of those finals (1984, 1988, and 1996) and having qualified for the World Cup four consecutive times ever since debuting at the 1994 tournament. [citation needed], The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the Al Saud, began in Nejd in central Arabia in 1744, when Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab,[96] founder of the Wahhabi movement, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam. Dans la région d'Al Wusta se trouvait, il y a environ 85 000 ans, un lac d'eau douce fréquenté par de nombreux animaux, y compris des hippopotames, le Pelorovis (un bovin africain maintenant éteint) et des Kobus (type d'antilope africaine), dont les fossiles ont été trouvés sur le site. [480] The Saudi government has often been viewed as an active oppressor of Shia Muslims because of the funding of the Wahhabi ideology which denounces the Shia faith. "[597], The religious sector of the Saudi national curriculum was examined in a 2006 report by Freedom House which concluded that "the Saudi public school religious curriculum continues to propagate an ideology of hate toward the 'unbeliever', that is, Christians, Jews, Shiites, Sufis, Sunni Muslims who do not follow Wahhabi doctrine, Hindus, atheists and others". The strategy is being viewed as a method of sportswashing following the chaos spread across Yemen since 4 years. The country exports wheat, dates, dairy products, eggs, fish, poultry, fruits, vegetables and flowers to markets around the world. Traditionally, men usually wear a white ankle length garment woven from wool or cotton (known as a thawb), with a keffiyeh (a large checkered square of cotton held in place by an agal) or a ghutra (a plain white square made of finer cotton, also held in place by an agal) worn on the head. [citation needed], Although most tourism in Saudi Arabia still largely involves religious pilgrimages, there is growth in the leisure tourism sector. In 1972, Saudi Arabia gained a 20 percent control in Aramco, thereby decreasing US control over Saudi oil. [588][589], Education is free at all levels. In public women are required to wear a black abaya or other black clothing that covers everything under the neck with the exception of their hands and feet, although most women cover their head in respect for their religion. Further cultural developments include the first Saudi public concerts by a female singer, the first Saudi sports stadiums to admit women, and an increased presence of women in the workforce. مركز; markaz). [133], Since 2001, Saudi Arabia has engaged in widespread internet censorship. Des opportunités économiques existent cependant via l'artisanat local, le tourisme et l'agriculture. Instruments include the rabābah, an instrument not unlike a three-string fiddle, and various types of percussion instruments, such as the ṭabl (drum) and the ṭār (tambourine). [310] The Saudi military consists of the Royal Saudi Land Forces, the Royal Saudi Air Force, the Royal Saudi Navy, the Royal Saudi Air Defense, the Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG, an independent military force), and paramilitary forces, totaling nearly 200,000 active-duty personnel. [328], Human Rights organizations such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Freedom House condemn both the Saudi criminal justice system and its severe punishments. Il ne faut pas oublier les forts écarts de revenus existant dans cette région, avec un clivage net entre ceux qui bénéficient directement des revenus du pétrole et une tranche de la population qui évolue dans une forte pauvreté. [259] These fears were reflected in comments of King Abdullah,[183] who privately urged the United States to attack Iran and "cut off the head of the snake". Surface du terrain, plan d'eau. Most trials are held in secret. Since 2000, the government has increasingly relied on the private sector to operate water and sanitation infrastructure, beginning with desalination and wastewater treatment plants. [280][281], Tensions have escalated between Saudi Arabia and its allies after the disappearance of Jamal Khashoggi from the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. In the early 7th century, Muhammad united the various tribes of the peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity. One reason was to thwart Portuguese attempts to attack the Red Sea (hence the Hejaz) and the Indian Ocean. Its modern high-technology arsenal makes Saudi Arabia among the world's most densely armed nations, with its military equipment being supplied primarily by the US, France and Britain. Saudi Arabia is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. [205], Retaliatory punishments, or Qisas, are practised: for instance, an eye can be surgically removed at the insistence of a victim who lost his own eye. ", "Welcome to the Saudi Arabia vs. Canada Troll War", "Turkey seeks answers from Saudi Arabia on missing journalist", "Saudi Arabia and U.S. [329] Human Rights Watch, in a 2008 report, noted that a criminal procedure code had been introduced for the first time in 2002, but it lacked some basic protections and, in any case, had been routinely ignored by judges. [546][548] A royal decree passed in May 2017 allowed them to avail government services such as education and healthcare without the need of a consent of a male guardian. [93] Ottoman degree of control over these lands varied over the next four centuries with the fluctuating strength or weakness of the Empire's central authority. The night race is said to be held on a street circuit in Jeddah. [51], The word "Saudi" is derived from the element as-Saʿūdīyah in the Arabic name of the country, which is a type of adjective known as a nisba, formed from the dynastic name of the Saudi royal family, the Al Saud (Arabic: آل سعود‎). [383], In the 1990s, Saudi Arabia experienced a significant contraction of oil revenues combined with a high rate of population growth. This was after he performed a concert attended by more than 10,000 people in the heritage site north-west of Riyadh. [127] No political reforms were announced as part of the package, though some prisoners indicted for financial crimes were pardoned. However, with King Abdullah's reforms from 2005, some cinemas have re-opened,[525] including one in KAUST. [14] The world's second-largest religion,[15] Islam, emerged in modern-day Saudi Arabia. [546] The World Economic Forum 2010 Global Gender Gap Report ranked Saudi Arabia 129th out of 134 countries for gender parity. Centered in Tabouk, it stretched from Wadi Arabah in the north to the area of al-Wejh in the south. This met with Ibn Saud's opposition, as he recognized the danger of a direct conflict with the British. However, the unexpected impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the economy, along with Saudi Arabia's poor human rights records, laid unforeseen challenges before the development plans of the Kingdom, where some of the programs under ‘Vision 2030’ were also expected to be affected. [264], In order to protect the house of Khalifa, the monarchs of Bahrain, Saudi Arabia invaded Bahrain by sending military troops to quell the uprising of Bahraini people on 14 March 2011. Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia reverted to traditional tribal rule. [311] In addition, there is an Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah military intelligence service. [495], Because of religious restrictions, Saudi culture lacks any diversity of religious expression, buildings, annual festivals and public events. [17][18][19][20][21], From the 10th century to the early 20th century, Mecca and Medina were under the control of a local Arab ruler known as the Sharif of Mecca, but at most times the Sharif owed allegiance to the ruler of one of the major Islamic empires based in Baghdad, Cairo or Istanbul. [66] The capital of Midian was Qurayyah,[67] it consists of a large fortified citadel encompassing 35 hectares and below it lies a walled settlement of 15 hectares. Given the substantial oil wealth, water is provided almost for free. [147] The king is also the prime minister, and presides over the Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia and Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia. The ban includes penalties of a 12-month jail sentence and fines of up to 50,000 riyals ($13,000). These include Ghazi Algosaibi, Abdelrahman Munif, Turki al-Hamad and Rajaa al-Sanea. [68] The Midianites were depicted in two major events in the Bible that recount Israel's two wars with Median, somewhere in the early 11th century BC. Women's clothes are often decorated with tribal motifs, coins, sequins, metallic thread, and appliques. [356], Wildlife includes the Arabian leopard,[357][358] wolf, striped hyena, mongoose, baboon, hare, sand cat, and jerboa. [312][313] The SANG is not a reserve but a fully operational front-line force, and originated out of Ibn Saud's tribal military-religious force, the Ikhwan. Al-Magar statues were made from local stone, and it seems that the statues were fixed in a central building that might have had a significant role on the social and religious life of the inhabitants. The documents showed Saudi Arabia as allegedly implementing a ‘sportswashing’ strategy, inclusive of meetings and official calls with supreme authorities of associations like the Major League Soccer (MLS), World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), National Basketball Association (NBA). [577], In March 2018, a law was passed allowing Saudi mothers to retain custody of their children after divorce without having to file any lawsuits. Lashings are a common form of punishment[214] and are often imposed for offences against religion and public morality such as drinking alcohol and neglect of prayer and fasting obligations. Mohammed Sulayem est directeur de la Commission nationale pour la conservation et le développement de la faune et de la flore sauvages d'Arabie saoudite et président de la commission de l'Alliance mondiale pour la nature chargée des parcs nationaux et des zones protégées du Proche-Orient. [223] There has been an intense debate over whether Saudi aid and Wahhabism has fomented extremism in recipient countries. Elle comprend sept États[2][source insuffisante] : l'Arabie saoudite, le Yémen, Oman, le Qatar, les Émirats arabes unis, le Koweït, et Bahreïn. The migrants were captured by Saudi guards when they tried to escape from the border area. ", WikiLeaks Shows a Saudi Obsession With Iran, "Saudi Arabia urges US attack on Iran to stop nuclear programme", "Obama advised Netanyahu of Iran talks in September", "Iran nuclear deal: Saudi Arabia and Gulf react with caution", "Insight: Saudis brace for 'nightmare' of U.S.-Iran rapprochement", "US, Saudi drifting apart despite Obama visit", "Saudi Arabian troops enter Bahrain as regime asks for help to quell uprising", U.S. [509], Five cultural sites in Saudi Arabia are designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih);[510] the Turaif district in the city of Diriyah;[511] Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Mecca;[512] Al-Ahsa Oasis;[513] and Rock Art in the Hail Region. [49][220] In 1973, Saudi Arabia and other Arab nations imposed an oil embargo against the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and other Western nations which supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War of October 1973. [460] Saudi Arabia expelled 800,000 Yemenis in 1990 and 1991[461] and has built a Saudi–Yemen barrier against an influx of illegal immigrants and against the smuggling of drugs and weapons. [64], Climatic change and the onset of aridity may have brought about the end of this phase of settlement, as little archaeological evidence exists from the succeeding millennium. [541], On 31 October 2019, Saudi Arabia hosted the first ever women's wrestling match held by the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). [543], Only two years after Saudi Arabia signed a contract of 10 years with WWE, an increasing number of wrestlers denied to visit Riyadh. [114] The government regained control of the mosque after 10 days and those captured were executed. High taxes and a growth in unemployment have contributed to discontent, and has been reflected in a rise in civil unrest, and discontent with the royal family. [202] This makes Saudi Arabia the best performing Middle Eastern, Arab and Muslim country. Saudi Arabian cuisine is similar to that of the surrounding countries in the Arabian Peninsula and the wider Arab world, and has influenced and been influenced by Turkish, Indian, Persian, and African food. [554] With regard to the law of inheritance, the Quran specifies that fixed portions of the deceased's estate must be left to the Qur'anic heirs[555] and generally, female heirs receive half the portion of male heirs. The rate of local unemployment is 12.9%, its highest in more than a decade. According to the World Bank, approximately 14.3 million people visited Saudi Arabia in 2012, making it the world's 19th-most-visited country. [540], Saudi Arabia, in its vision for modernization introduced the nation to a number of international sporting events, bringing sports stars to the Kingdom. [334], Saudi Arabia remains one of the very few countries in the world not to accept the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Sa limite nord est plus subjective mais peut être définie géographiquement par la faille du Levant au nord-ouest et la plaine de Mésopotamie (notamment l'Euphrate) au nord-est. [446] Saudi Arabia allows Christians to enter the country as foreign workers for temporary work, but does not allow them to practice their faith openly. The Nabataeans ruled large portions of north Arabia until their domain was annexed by the Roman Empire. However, his authority was hindered by conflict with Fahd's full brothers (known, with Fahd, as the "Sudairi Seven"). [160], The Saudi government and the royal family have often, over many years, been accused of corruption. For rare chilly days, Saudi men wear a camel-hair cloak (bisht) over the top. [10] Saudi Arabia also has one of the world's youngest populations, with approximately 50 percent of its population of 34.2 million being under 25 years old. [562], A few Saudi women have risen to the top of the medical profession; for example, Dr. Ghada Al-Mutairi heads a medical research center in California[563] and Dr. Salwa Al-Hazzaa is head of the ophthalmology department at King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Riyadh and was the late King Fahad's personal ophthalmologist. [438][439][440][441][442] The official and dominant form of Sunni Islam in Saudi Arabia is commonly known as Wahhabism[443] (proponents prefer the name Salafism, considering Wahhabi derogatory[444]), which was founded in the Arabian Peninsula by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in the 18th century. It is strongly dependent on foreign workers with about 80% of those employed in the private sector being non-Saudi. The concert also included shows by Enrique Iglesias and The Black Eyed Peas. The order however also stated that it should only be allowed if it does not contradict the Sharia system. [277] In early 2014 relations with Qatar became strained over its support for the Muslim Brotherhood, and Saudi Arabia's belief that Qatar was interfering in its affairs. Superficie : 2 152 000 Km2: Terres cultivées : 2 % Terres inexploitées : 56 % Forêts : 1 % Altitude minimale : 0 m (Golfe Persique) Altitude maximale : 3133 m … Les premiers événements connus de l'histoire arabe sont les migrations de la péninsule vers les régions voisines. [323] In 2016, the European Parliament decided to temporarily impose an arms embargo against Saudi Arabia, as a result of the Yemen civilian population's suffering from the conflict with Saudi Arabia. Arabie saoudite. More than 1200 species of fish[360] have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10 percent of these are found nowhere else. One journalist states that 51% of the Saudi population is under the age of 25: The Economist magazine lists an estimated nine million: Willem Adriaan Veenhoven and Winifred Crum Ewing (1976). Arabie saoudite: Région Province de Riyad : Superficie 1 554 km²: Population 5 899 528 hab. [526][527] [28] The kingdom is categorized as a World Bank high-income economy with a very high Human Development Index[29] and is the only Arab country to be part of the G-20 major economies. [598] As a consequence, Saudi youth "generally lacks the education and technical skills the private sector needs" according to the CIA. [86] Ufsurid rule was weakened after Persian rulers of Hormuz captured Bahrain and Qatif in 1320. [142] Arabic coffee is a traditional beverage in Arabian cuisine. Petroleum was discovered on 3 March 1938 and followed up by several other finds in the Eastern Province. However, the large influx of foreign workers in Saudi Arabia in the oil industry increased the pre-existing propensity for xenophobia. According to Arab News columnist Abdel Aziz Aluwaisheg, "in almost every one of these areas, consumers have raised serious concerns about the performance of these privatized entities. [111], By 1976, Saudi Arabia had become the largest oil producer in the world. The US called for a ceasefire within 30 days. Various Human Rights entities have criticised Saudi Arabia's handling of the issue. In February 2009, Abdullah announced a series of governmental changes to the judiciary, armed forces, and various ministries to modernize these institutions including the replacement of senior appointees in the judiciary and the Mutaween (religious police) with more moderate individuals and the appointment of the country's first female deputy minister. However, the private sector still remains hugely dominated by foreigners. [196] Extra-Sharia government tribunals usually handle disputes relating to specific royal decrees. At the same time, the Ikhwan became disenchanted with Ibn Saud's domestic policies which appeared to favor modernization and the increase in the number of non-Muslim foreigners in the country. [219], Since 1960, as a founding member of OPEC, its oil pricing policy has been generally to stabilize the world oil market and try to moderate sharp price movements so as to not jeopardise the Western economies. [citation needed] At the same time, the government became increasingly wasteful and extravagant. To date, the activities of the NSHR have been limited and doubts remain over its neutrality and independence. [456] There are around 100,000 Westerners in Saudi Arabia, most of whom live in compounds or gated communities. [403], The Kingdom's most dramatic agricultural accomplishment, noted worldwide, was its rapid transformation from importer to exporter of wheat. : non libre Liberté presse : non libre The large expatriate communities also speak their own languages, the most numerous of which are Tagalog (700,000), Rohingya (400,000), Urdu (380,000), Egyptian Arabic (300,000), and Indonesian (250,000). Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a country in Western Asia constituting the the vast majority of the Arabian Peninsula.With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km 2 (830,000 sq mi), Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest sovereign state in Western Asia, the second-largest in the Arab world (after Algeria), the fifth-largest in Asia, and the 12th-largest in the world. There were divisions within the family over who should succeed to the throne after the accession or earlier death of Prince Sultan. Institutions of higher education include the country's first university, King Saud University founded in 1957, the Islamic University at Medina founded in 1961, and the King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah founded in 1967. The Asir region differs in that it is influenced by the Indian Ocean monsoons, usually occurring between October and March. [3][597], Memorization by rote of large parts of the Qur'an, its interpretation and understanding (Tafsir) and the application of Islamic tradition to everyday life is at the core of the curriculum. A testimony to the extensive influence that Lihyan acquired. [248][249][250][251][252][253] In February 2019, Crown Prince Mohammad defended China's Xinjiang re-education camps for Uyghur Muslims,[254][255] saying "China has the right to carry out anti-terrorism and de-extremisation work for its national security. The relations have the potential of evolving into a crisis at any moment. [361] This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish. Superficie : 1 960 582 km² . [48], Following the amalgamation of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, the new state was named al-Mamlakah al-ʿArabīyah as-Saʿūdīyah (a transliteration of المملكة العربية السعودية in Arabic) by royal decree on 23 September 1932 by its founder, Abdulaziz bin Saud. [610] Infant mortality in 2018 was 6 per 1,000. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. (Priority is given to holders of degrees in various scientific fields,[458] and exception made for Palestinians who are excluded unless married to a Saudi national, because of Arab League instructions barring the Arab states from granting them citizenship.) [521], In July 2019, UNESCO signed a letter with the Saudi Minister of Culture of In which Saudi Arabia contribute US$25 million to UNESCO for the preservation of heritage.[522]. [565] As of 2018, two women hold cabinet positions in the Saudi government: Dr Tamadur bint Youssef Al Ramah, who was appointed deputy labor minister that year; and Norah bint Abdallah Al Faiz, who became deputy minister of education in charge of women's affairs in 2009. L'Arabie Saoudite possède les plus grandes réserves de pétrole du monde (26% des réserves connues), est le plus important exportateur de pétrole, et joue un rôle déterminant à l'OPEP. Among its plans were to launch "economic cities" (e.g. Atheism or "calling into question the fundamentals of the Islamic religion on which this country is based" is considered a terrorist crime. Bedouin poetry, known as nabaṭī, is still very popular. However, in August 2019, the kingdom's strategy received criticism for appearing as a method of sportswashing soon after Saudi's US based 2018 lobbying campaign foreign registration documentations got published online.

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